Including
Aerial yellowjacket (Dolichovespula arenaria)
Common yellowjacket (Vespula vulgaris)
German yellowjacket (V. germanica)
Western yellowjacket (V. pensylvanica)
Pest description and crop damage Yellowjackets are about 12 mm long, have black bodies with yellow bands and, as compared to paper wasps, are rather stocky and have all-black antennae. Yellowjackets are not direct pests of caneberries, however some years their numbers reach levels high enough that they pose a risk to workers, making harvesting and cultural operations difficult. Yellowjackets are more typically a problem with later-ripening caneberry cultivars.
Biology and life history All the yellowjacket species listed here build paper nests, which enclose tiers of combs, that can be found either aboveground in wall voids, under roof overhangs, abandoned structures, etc, or in paper nests underground. The western yellowjacket is the most common species in the PNW. They, along with the common yellowjacket, almost always build papery nests underground. The aerial yellowjacket builds papery nests both underground and aboveground. The German yellowjacket, an introduced species, builds papery nests either above- or belowground. When nests are built in protected areas, like wall voids and attics, unlike other yellowjackets the German yellowjacket may overwinter.
Yellowjackets survive the winter as mated females (queens) in protected areas such as in woodpiles, under bark, or in areas of accumulated organic debris; they also attempt to come indoors at this time. In the spring, the females become active, and begin to build nests and lay eggs. As these initial eggs hatch, the queen feeds them with soft-bodied insects that she has killed. Once these mature, they take over nest-building activities and the queen's sole function is egg-laying. Unlike honey bees, yellowjackets do not produce honey. During the spring and early summer, yellowjackets feed primarily on soft-bodied insects, such as caterpillars, grubs and flies, or on spiders. As prey become scarcer, they begin seeking out protein- and sugar-rich foods. Any type of meat product or sugar-containing substance is attractive to yellowjackets. Honeydew produced by aphids, scale or other insects is also favored. In late summer to early fall, males and new queens are produced; they leave the nest and mate. The first freezes of the season kills all workers in the nest. Only the newly mated queens survive the winter. Nests from one season are never re-used.
Management-biological control
Spring weather has an important effect on yellowjacket populations: cool, wet weather in April and May reduces the ability of overwintering queens to build a nest and feed her young.
Management-cultural control
- heptyl butyrate traps-These traps mimic the odor produced by some ripening fruits and are effective against western yellowjackets, less so the common or German yellowjacket. They are not effective, even if used in large numbers, at eliminating worker activity in a given area.
Other traps involve the use of meat or fish as an attractant to yellowjackets. If meat or fish is attached to a string suspended just above a bucket of water with detergent added, the yellowjackets tend to take too big of a bite and fall into the water where they drown. As with other traps, their efficacy is improved if placed out before midsummer before their numbers build up.
Management-chemical control: HOME and COMMERCIAL USE
- aerosol sprays (various)-Spot-treat nests when discovered.
See also: