Includes
Obliquebanded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana)
Orange tortrix (Argyrotaenia franciscana = A.citrana)
Pest description and crop damage The principal leafroller pest of caneberries is the orange tortrix, which tends to infest early ripening caneberries and some blackberries. The obliquebanded leafroller is another leafroller species found in caneberry fields. Adults of these two species are buff-color moths with wing spans of 12 to 20 mm, and bell-shaped at rest. The larvae of the orange tortrix are light cream to green with light brown heads, and are up to 12mm long at maturity. Obliquebanded leafroller larvae are similar in size but are darker green with dark brown to black heads. The larvae roll and tie leaves together with silk for shelter and feeding; they wriggle and thrash about violently when disturbed. Eggs are green and laid on leaves in clusters. They hatch in about 10 to 14 days.
The larvae feed on leaves, which causes relatively minor damage. Feeding on the growing points of young plants can promote undesirable branching. Fruit quality can decrease from binding of leaves to developing fruit or contamination during harvest. Larval feeding on blossoms is thought to spread Botrytis fruit rot disease.
Biology and life history Both species overwinter as larvae on a variety of host plants. Larvae may feed during warm periods in winter but become active in spring with onset of new growth. Pupation occurs within the larval leaf roll. Depending on species, adult moths emerge from April to July. These adults lay eggs for the next generation. There are two to three generations per year.
Scouting Observe early spring growth for rolled leaves and feeding damage on new growth. Larvae move from plant to plant, and between fields, on silken threads; this silk can be easily seen upon close inspection or if viewed in the slanting sunlight. Pheromone traps are available for monitoring adult male flight. Pheromone traps should be placed in fields beginning in late April or May and checked weekly. These can help to determine the timing of adult emergence and timing of larvae presence. Apply insecticides about 2 to 3 weeks after peak flight as determined by pheromone traps, or apply immediately when 75 or more moths per week have been caught in pheromone traps
Management-biological control
Very low temperatures in winter significantly reduce overwintering populations. Spiders and parasitic/predatory insects greatly reduce leafroller populations throughout the year.
Management-cultural control
Removal of overwintering sites, such as rolled leaves on the ground or plastered to canes, can reduce next year's population. Proper pruning and training of canes can reduce leafroller populations. Avoid use of broad-spectrum insecticides which can disrupt natural enemies.
Management-chemical control: HOME USE
- azadirachtin/neem oil -Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use.
- Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt)-Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. For use on blackberry only.
- bifenthrin
- carbaryl
- esfenvalerate
- horticultural oils
- insecticidal soap-Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use.
- kaolin-When applied as a spray to leaves, stems, and fruit, it acts as a repellent to some insect pests. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use.
- plant essential oils (garlic, peppermint, rosemary)-Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use.
- permethrin (for use on raspberries only)
- pyrethrins-Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use.
- spinosad-Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use.
- zeta-cypermethrin
Management-chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE
- azadirachtin (Aza-Direct and others)-Consult label for rate. PHI 0 days. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use.
- Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (several brands)-Consult label for rate. PHI 0 days. Use according to individual manufacturer's directions. Do not use DiPel ES with captan fungicide; the mixture will bronze foliage. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use.
- bifenthrin (Brigade and other brands) at 0.05 to 0.1 lb ai/A. PHI 3 days. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/A or two applications per crop season. Only one pre-bloom application of bifenthrin is allowed: either soil-applied for crown borer control or foliar-applied for root weevil or leafroller control, but not both. Restricted use pesticide.
- Burkholderia spp. (Venerate XC)-Consult label for rate. PHI 0 days. OMRI-listed for organic use. Do not apply when bees are foraging.
- carbaryl (Sevin, Carbaryl 4L and other brands) at 2 lb ai/A. PHI 7 days. Apply pre-bloom. Do not use during bloom; it is highly hazardous to bees. Examine fields in April and May to determine need for control. Latex-based formulations such as Sevin XLR Plus are less hazardous to bees. Carbaryl use may aggravate mite problems and cause increased populations later in the season.
- carbaryl (Sevin and other brands) at 1 to 2 lb ai/A. PHI 7 days. Hazardous to bees-do not apply during bloom.
- chlorantraniliprole (Altacor) at 0.066 to 0.099 lb ai/A. PHI 3 days. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/A per crop season.
- Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo CG, Grandevo WDG) at 0.3 to 0.9 lb ai/A. REI 4 hr, PHI 0 days. OMRI-listed for organic use. Hazardous to bees-do not apply during bloom.
- cinnamaldehyde (Seican)-Consult label for rate. PHI 0 days.
- cyclaniliprole (Verdepryn 100SL) at 0.054 to 0.072 lb ai/A. PHI 1 day. Do not apply more than 0.22 lb ai/A per year. Highly toxic to bees-do not apply during bloom.
- esfenvalerate (Asana XL) at 0.025 to 0.05 lb ai/A. PHI 7 days. Apply no earlier than 12 days before harvest. Asana can act as a bee repellent; do not apply within 7 days of pollination. Apply as a pre-bloom or post-bloom spray only. Remove bees prior to application. For maximum safety to bees, apply in the evening after sunset. Some caneberries, such as red raspberries, have substantial bloom remaining during the 5-day window for first application. Because of pollinator hazard, WSU entomologists do not recommend its use on red raspberries. Restricted use pesticide.
- fenpropathrin (Danitol) at 0.2 to 0.3 lb ai/A. PHI 3 days. Do not exceed two applications per season. Restricted use pesticide.
- malathion (Several brands)-Consult label for rate. PHI 1 day. EC formulations may burn foliage. Do not use on bloom; it is highly hazardous to bees.
- methoxyfenozide (Inspirato 2F, Intrepid 2F, Invertid 2F) at 0.16 to 0.25 lb ai/A. PHI 3 days. For overwintering populations, make one to two applications between budbreak and petal fall, when young larvae are active. For the summer generation, begin applications at peak moth flight. Additional applications at 10- to 14-day intervals may be required under high pest pressure.
- neem oil (Debug On and others)-Consult label for rate. PHI 0 days.
- pyrethrins (PyGanic and others) at 0.014 to 0.05 lb ai/A. PHI 0 days. Some formulations OMRI-listed for organic use. Hazardous to bees-do not apply during bloom.
- spinetoram (Delegate WG) at 0.05 to 0.09 lb ai/A. PHI 1 day. Toxic to bees for three hours following treatment. Do not apply when bees are foraging.
- spinosad (Entrust, Success) at 0.062 to 0.1 lb ai/A. PHI 1 day. Use higher rate for larger larvae or severe infestations. Toxic to bees for three hours following treatment. Do not apply when bees are foraging. Entrust is OMRI-listed for organic use.
- tebufenozide (Confirm 2F) at 0.25 lb ai/Ac. PHI 14 days. Do not apply more than 1.0 lb ai/A per year.
- tolfenpyrad (Bexar) at 0.28 lb ai/A. PHI 1 day. 25 gal water/A min. Do not apply more than 2 applications per year. No more than 0.57 lb ai/A per year. Hazardous to bees. Do not apply when pollinators are visiting the treatment area. Applications must be made at least 8 hours prior to bees foraging.
- zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) at 0.05 lb ai/A. PHI 1 day. Restricted use pesticide.